Kasutab
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Moodulehitisi võib kasutada pikaajaliste{0}}ajutiste või alaliste rajatiste jaoks, nagu ehituslaagrid, koolid ja klassiruumid, tsiviil- ja sõjaväeelamud ning tööstusrajatised. Moodulehitisi kasutatakse kaugetes ja maapiirkondades, kus tavapärane ehitus ei pruugi olla mõistlik või võimalik, näiteks BAS Antarktika ekspeditsioonil kasutatavad Halley VI majutusruumid.3 Other uses have included churches, health care facilities, sales and retail offices, fast food restaurants and cruise ship construction. They can also be used in areas that have weather concerns, such as hurricanes. Modular buildings are often used to provide temporary facilities, including toilets and ablutions at events. The portability of the buildings makes them popular with hire companies and clients alike. The use of modular buildings enables events to be held at locations where existing facilities are unavailable, or unable to support the number of event attendees.
Ehitusprotsess
Construction is offsite, using lahja tootmine techniques to prefabricate single or multi-story buildings in deliverable module sections. Often, modules are based around standardsed 20 jala konteinerid, using the same dimensions, structures, building and stacking/placing techniques, but with smooth (instead of corrugated) walls, glossy white paint, and provisions for windows, power, potable water, sewage lines, telecommunications and air conditioning. Permanent Modular Construction (PMC) buildings are manufactured in a controlled setting and can be constructed of wood, steel, or concrete. Modular components are typically constructed indoors on koosteliinid. Modules' construction may take as little as ten days but more often one to three months. PMC modules can be integrated into site built projects or stand alone and can be delivered with MEP, inventar ja siseviimistlus.
Hooned valmivad 60–90 protsendi ulatuses väljaspool asukohta tehase-kontrollitud keskkonnas ning transporditakse ja pannakse kokku lõplikul ehitusplatsil. See võib hõlmata kogu hoonet või olla suuremate konstruktsioonide komponendid või alamkoostud. Paljudel juhtudel töötavad moodultöövõtjad traditsiooniliste peatöövõtjatega, et kasutada ära iga ehitustüübi ressursse ja eeliseid. Valmis moodulid transporditakse ehitusplatsile ja komplekteeritakse kraanaga.4 Placement of the modules may take from several hours to several days.
Permanent modular buildings are built to meet or exceed the same building codes and standards as site-built structures and the same architect-specified materials used in conventionally constructed buildings are used in modulaarne konstruktsioon projects. PMC can have as many stories as building codes allow. Unlike relocatable buildings, PMC structures are intended to remain in one location for the duration of their useful life.
Tootmiskaalutlused
The entire process of modular construction places significance on the design stage. This is where practices such as Tootmiseks ja kokkupanekuks mõeldud disain (DfMA) are used to ensure that assembly tolerances are controlled throughout manufacture and assembly on site. It is vital that there is enough allowance in the design to allow the assembly to take up any "slack" or misalignment of components. The use of advanced CAD systems, 3D printimine and manufacturing control systems are important for modular construction to be successful. This is quite unlike on-site construction where the tradesman can often make the part to suit any particular installation.
Eelised
Moodulhoonetel on tavapäraste hoonetega võrreldes eeliseid mitmel põhjusel.
Ehituse kiirus / kiirem investeeringutasuvus. Modular construction allows for the building and the site work to be completed simultaneously. According to some materials, this can reduce the overall completion schedule by as much as 50 percent . This also reduces labor, financing and supervision costs. To save even more time and money, nearly all design and engineering disciplines are part of the manufacturing process. Also unique to modular construction is the ability to simultaneously construct a building's floors, walls, ceilings, rafters, and roofs. During site-built construction, walls cannot be set until floors are in position, and ceilings and rafters cannot be added until walls are erected. On the other hand, with modular construction, walls, floors, ceilings, and rafters are all built at the same time, and then brought together in the same factory to form a building. This process can allow modular construction times of half that of conventional, stick-built construction.
Siseehitus. Kokkupanek on ilmastikust sõltumatu, mis võib tõsta töö efektiivsust ja väldib ehitusmaterjali kahjustamist.
Võimalus teenindada kaugemaid asukohti. Eelkõige riikides, kus potentsiaalsed turud võivad asuda tööstuskeskustest kaugel (nt Austraalias), võivad ehitusplatsile{0}}ehitatud maja ehitamine kõrvalisesse piirkonda või piirkonda, kus toimub ehitusbuum, näiteks kaevandamine, olla palju kõrgemad. linnad. Moodulhooned on kasulikud ka meditsiini- ja sanitaarruumide pakkumisel, kus aeg, ruum ja raha on probleemiks.5
Vähe jäätmeid. Pidevalt samade plaanide ehitamisel on tootjal andmed selle kohta, kui palju materjale konkreetse töö jaoks täpselt vaja on. Tänu järjepidevusele saavad ehitajad kavandada süsteeme, mis kasutavad tavalise pikkusega saematerjali, seinaplaati jne, lõigata esemeid maksimaalse efektiivsusega või tellida eripikkusi hulgi. Kui krundile{0}}ehitatud eluruumi jäätmed võivad tavaliselt täita mitu suurt prügikonteinerit, tekib moodulelamu ehitamisel palju vähem jäätmeid. Ühendkuningriigi grupi WRAP andmetel on moodulkonstruktsiooni kasutamisega võimalik saavutada kuni 90-protsendiline materjalide vähenemine. Minimeeritud materjalide hulka kuuluvad: puidust kaubaalused, kahanevad ümbrised, papp, kipsplaat, puit, betoon, tellised ja tsement.6
Keskkonnasõbralik ehitusprotsess. Moodulkonstruktsioon vähendab raiskamist ja töökoha häirimist võrreldes kohapeal{0}}ehitatud ehitistega. Tehase kontrollitud keskkond võimaldab täpsemat ehitamist, võimaldades samal ajal lisamaterjalide ringlussevõttu-majas.7
Paindlikkus. Moodulhoonet saab pidevalt täiendada, sealhulgas ehitada kõrghooneid.8 When the needs change, modular buildings can be disassembled and the modules relocated or refurbished for their next use reducing the demand for raw materials and minimizing the amount of energy expended to create a building to meet the new need. In essence, the entire building can be recycled in some cases.
Kvaliteet. Combining traditional building techniques, quality manufacturing and third-party agencies who offer random inspections, testing, and certification services for quality control, commercial modular buildings are built in strict accordance with appropriate local, state, and national regulations and codes. Due to the need to transport modules to the final site, each module must be built to independently withstand travel and installation requirements. Thus the final module-to-module assembly of independently durable components can yield a final product that is more durable than site-built structures. Modular buildings often use Struktuursed isoleeritud paneelid (SIPs) in construction, which offer a range of advantages over traditional building materials. SIPs panels are a light yet durable combination of panel board and either closed-cell polüuretaan (PU) or expanded polüstüreen (EPS) insulating foam. They are air-tight, and as such provide excellent thermal performance. They also offer superior damp and cold resistance when compared to timber and other materials, and are immune to both compression shrinking and cold bridging.9 Modular units may also be designed to fit in with external aesthetics of any existing building and modular units once assembled can be virtually indistinguishable from a site-built structure.
Parem õhukvaliteet – Many of the indoor air quality issues identified in new construction result from high moisture levels in the framing materials.tsitaat vaja Because the modular structure is substantially completed in a factory-controlled setting using dry materials, the potential for high levels of moisture being trapped in the new construction is eliminated.
Moodulhooned võivad kaasa aidata ka LEED-nõuete täitmisele mis tahes kategooria saidil{0}}ehitatud ehitus võib ja võib isegi pakkuda eeliseid säästvate objektide, energia ja atmosfääri, materjalide ja ressursside ning sisekeskkonna kvaliteedi valdkondades.10 Modular construction can also provide an advantage in similar categories in the International Green Construction Code.
Puudused
Mahuline: valminud moodulhooneosade transportimine võtab palju ruumi.11
Paindlikkus: transpordi- ja mõnikord tootmispiirangute tõttu võib mooduli suurus olla piiratud, mis mõjutab ruumide suurust.12
Mõned finantsasutused võivad kõhklevad moodulkodu jaoks laenu pakkumisel.13
Turul aktsepteerimine
Mõned koduostjad ja mõned laenuasutused on vastu sellele, et moodulmajad on samaväärsed kohapeal{0}}ehitatud kodudega.tsitaat vaja While the homes themselves may be of equivalent quality, entrenched zoning regulations and psychological marketplace factors may create hurdles for buyers or builders of modular homes and should be considered as part of the decision-making process when exploring this type of home as a living and/or investment option. In the UK and Australia, modular homes have become accepted in some regional areas; however, they are not commonly built in major cities. Modular homes are becoming increasingly common in Japanese urban areas, due to improvements in design and quality, speed and compactness of onsite assembly, as well as due to lowering costs and ease of repair after earthquakes. Recent innovations allow modular buildings to be indistinguishable from site-built structures.14 Surveys have shown that individuals can rarely tell the difference between a modular home and a site-built home.15
Moodulmajad vs mobiilsed majadmuuda
Erinevused hõlmavad ehitust reguleerivaid ehitusnorme, kasutatud materjalide tüüpe ja seda, kuidas pangad neid laenuandmise eesmärgil hindavad. Moodulmajad ehitatakse vastavalt kohalikele või osariigi ehitusnormidele, mitte toodetud kodudele, mis on samuti ehitatud tehases, kuid mida reguleerib föderaalne ehitusseadustik.16 The codes that govern the construction of modular homes are exactly the same codes that govern the construction of site-constructed homes.tsitaat vaja In the United States, all modular homes are constructed according to the Rahvusvaheline ehituskoodeks (IBC), IRC, BOCA or the code that has been adopted by the local jurisdiction.tsitaat vaja In some states, such as California, mobile homes must still be registered yearly, like vehicles or standard trailers, with the Department of Motor Vehicles or other state agency. This is true even if the owners remove the axles and place it on a permanent foundation.17
Mobiilse või valmistatud kodu äratundminemuuda
Haagissuvila iga sektsiooni välisküljel peaks olema väike metallist silt. Kui te ei leia silti, peaksite leidma kodu üksikasju elektrikilbist. See silt peaks näitama ka tootmiskuupäeva.18 Modular homes do not have metal tags on the outside but will have a dataplate installed inside the home, usually under the kitchen sink or in a closet. The dataplate will provide information such as the manufacturer, third party inspection agency, appliance information, and manufacture date.
Materjalid
The materials used in modular homes are typically the same as site constructed homes. Wood-frame floors, walls and roof are often utilized. Some modular homes include brick or stone exteriors, granite counters and steeply pitched roofs. Modulars can be designed to sit on a perimeter foundation or basement. In contrast, mobile homes are constructed with a steel chassis that is integral to the integrity of the floor system. Modular buildings can be custom built to a client's specifications. Current designs include multi-story units, multi-family units and entire apartment complexes. The negative stereotype commonly associated with mobile homes has prompted some manufacturers to start using the term "off-site construction."
New modular offerings include other construction methods such as rist-liimpuit frames.19
Finantseerimine
Haagissuvilad often require special lenders.
Moodulmajad on the other hand are financed as site built homes with a construction loan
Standardid ja tsoneerimisega seotud kaalutlused
Tavaliselt ehitatakse moodulelamud vastavalt kohalikele, osariigi või volikogu koodidele, mille tulemuseks on konkreetse tootmisüksuse eluruumide ehitusstandardid, olenevalt moodulite lõppsihtkohast.21 The most important zones that manufacturers have to take into consideration are local wind, heat, and snow load zones.22 For example, homes built for final assembly in a hurricane-prone, earthquake or flooding area may include additional bracing to meet local building codes. Steel and/or wood framing are common options for building a modular home.
Some US courts have ruled that tsoneerimine restrictions applicable to mobile homes do not apply to modular homes since modular homes are designed to have a permanent foundation.tsitaat vaja Additionally, in the US, valuation differences between modular homes and site-built homes are often negligible in kinnisvara hindamine practice; modular homes can, in some market areas, (depending on local appraisal practices per Kutsealase hindamispraktika ühtsed standardid) be evaluated the same way as site-built dwellings of similar quality. In Australia, manufactured home parks are governed by additional legislation that does not apply to permanent modular homes. Possible developments in equivalence between modular and site-built housing types for the purposes of kinnisvara hindamine, rahastamine ja tsoneerimine võivad aja jooksul moodulmajade müüki suurendada.23
In Wales (UK), a businessman authorized the placement of 6 mini modular homes called "Pods" for homeless persons on private property.24
Ehituse tugevusmuuda
Modular homes are designed to be stronger than traditional homes by, for example, replacing nails with screws, adding glue to joints, and using 8–10 percent more lumber than conventional housing.25 This is to help the modules maintain their structural integrity as they are transported on trucks to the construction site. However, there are few studies on the response of modular buildings to transport and handling stresses. It is therefore presently difficult to predict transport induced damage.1
When FEMA studied the destruction wrought by Orkaan Andrew in Dade County Florida, they concluded that modular and müüritis homes fared best compared to other construction.26
CE märgistusmuuda
The CE-märgis is a construction norm that guarantees the user of mechanical resistance and strength of the structure. It is a label given by Euroopa Ühendus empowered authorities for end-to-end process mastering and traceability.tsitaat vaja
Kõiki tootmistoiminguid jälgitakse ja registreeritakse:
Tarnijad peavad olema tuntud ja sertifitseeritud,
Tarnitavad toorained ja kaubad tuleb registreerida kasutatud partiide kaupa,
Elementaarsed tooted registreeritakse ja nende kvaliteeti jälgitakse,
Montaaži kvaliteeti juhitakse ja hinnatakse samm-sammult,
Kui moodulseade on valmis, viiakse läbi terve komplekt teste ja kui kvaliteedistandardid on täidetud, kinnitatakse seadmele ja peale unikaalne number ja EÜ tempel.
This ID and all the details are recorded in a andmebaasi, Tootja peab igal ajal suutma vastata ja anda kogu teabe ühe üksuse tootmise iga etapi kohta. EÜ sertifikaat tagab vastupidavuse, tuule- ja maavärinakindluse standardid.tsitaat vaja
Pinnad ja viimistlusedmuuda
Modular buildings can be assembled on top of multiple foundation surfaces, such as a crawl space, stilts (for areas that are prone to flooding), full keldrid or standard slab at grade. They can also be built to multi-story heights. Motellid and other multi-family structures have been built using modular construction techniques. The height to which a modular structure can be built depends on jurisdiction, but a number of countries, especially in Asia, allow them to be built to 24 floors or more.tsitaat vaja
Exterior wall surfaces can be finalized in the plant production process or in the case of brick/stone veneers, field applications may be the builders' choice. Roof systems also can be applied in the field after the basic installation is completed.
USA piirkondlikud erinevused moodulehitusegamuuda
Modulaarse ehituse kasutamisel kodu ehitamisel mängivad rolli ilm, asustustihedus, geograafilised kaugused ja kohalik elamuarhitektuur. Kuna moodulkonstruktsioon on nii kohandatav, on see hakanud levima kõigisse USA piirkondadessetsitaat vaja
Kirdemuuda
The northeast is populated with factories that can combine modular housing design with other construction methods such as panelization and SIP-id. Moodulmaju koheldakse tavaliselt samamoodi nagu traditsioonilisi kodusid, seega kehtivad nende tsoneerimise seadused samad, mis{0}}ehitatud majadele. See protsess erineb valmistatud kodudest, kus tavaliselt kehtivad rangemad nõuded.27 Regional differences exist in the use of modular, panelized, and precut construction methods. Of the U.S. Census Bureau's four national subregions, the Northeast has the highest percentage of single-family homes constructed offsite exclusive of manufactured homes, with 7 percent of new homes being modular and 3 percent of homes built with panelized sections or precut materials in 2018.28Modules are typically limited to 16' width and up to 70' lengths because of the narrow road structure and densely populated areas of the region.tsitaat vaja Other limitations are placed on transportation to locations such as Connecticut, Cape Cod, and Long Island.tsitaat vaja
Kesk{0}}Atlandmuuda
The Mid-Atlantic region is similar to the northeast, in terms of building design and transport restriction to modules to a width of not more than 16'.tsitaat vaja
Kagumuuda
Kaguosa tootjad piiravad sageli oma kodude kohandamise võimalust ja keskenduvad väga traditsioonilistele ühekorruselistele korruseplaanidele.tsitaat vaja Much of the south is in coastal and high wind areas; modular construction may prove appealing in this area as it is already inherently stronger as it must be built for transport and craned installation, therefore offering wind resistance as good or higher than site-built construction.tsitaat vaja
Kesktasandikudmuuda
Kesk-tasandike osariigid koosnevad tavaliselt põlluharimisest ja maakogukondadest. Rancho kodud on piirkonna alustala. Tugevatele tormidele ja tornaadotingimustele kalduv modulaarne konstruktsioon suudab neile tormidele paremini vastu pidada kui selle kohapeal ehitatud analoog.tsitaat vaja The inter-module attachments that must be made when assembling a modular home on a foundation offer an inherently stronger home than site built construction can offer.tsitaat vaja Interior finishes on both the walls and ceilings are typically textured. Corners on interior walls are typically rounded and finish trim around windows is optional. Because of the wider road and lower population density, modules can be as wide as 20' and as long as 90'. The ability to provide larger modules reduces the amount of modules needed to complete a home.
Kaljumäedmuuda
Home design in this area ranges from Chalet style homes to log cabin style homes. Manufacturers in the region therefore provide a number of styles of homes. Capability varies from factory to factory as well as the ability to do complete customization of floor plans. Transportation is limited mostly to 16' wide modules to travel the roads of the area.tsitaat vaja
läänerannikmuuda
Kõrge elukallidus rannikualadel ja eriti Californias võib pakkuda moodulehitusele eelist selle madalamate kulude tõttu.tsitaat vaja Extreme building regulation and environmental requirements can delay the start of residential construction.tsitaat vaja Several factories specialize in environmentally responsible construction by following green construction standards and offering zero energy homes.tsitaat vaja
Rannikualadel elamine tähendab ka seda, et moodulmaja struktuur peaks olema piisavalt tugev, et taluda suure kiirusega tuuli. Korrektselt ehitatud moodulmajadel on selline vastupanu, et taluda suurt tuulekiirust ilma kahjustusteta.tsitaat vaja
Avatud moodulmajamuuda
The term Modularity can be perceived in different ways. It can even be extended to building P2P (peer-to-peer) applications; where a tailored use of the P2P technology is with the aid of a modular paradigm. Here well-understood components with clean interfaces can be combined to implement arbitrarily complex functions in the hopes of further proliferating self-organising P2P technology. Open modular buildings are an excellent example of this. Modular building can also be avatud lähtekoodiga and green. Bauwens, Kostakis and Pazaitis29 elaborate on this kind of modularity. They link modularity to the construction of houses.
See tava{0}}põhine tegevus on suunatud modulaarsusele. Moodulmajade ehitamine võimaldab kogukonnal jagada projekte ja tööriistu, mis on seotud kõigi majaehituse osadega. Sotsiaalselt-orienteeritud ettevõtmine, mis tegeleb hoonete välisarhitektuuri ja avatud lähtekoodiga ühisvara sisemise dünaamikaga. Inimestele antakse seega vahendid nende elukoha avaliku sfääri ümberseadistamiseks, eriti linnakeskkonnas. Seal on tugev sotsialiseerumiselement, mis meenutab-industriaalset rahvakeelset arhitektuuri ja kogukonna-põhist ehitamist.30
Mõned organisatsioonid pakuvad juba moodulkortereid. Sellised organisatsioonid on asjakohased, kuna võimaldavad ehitusplaane ja -tööriistu veebis jagada. Neid plaane saab seejärel kokku panna kas digitaalse valmistamise (nt 3D-printimise) abil või isegi hankides kohalikelt kogukondadelt odavaid materjale-. On märgatud, et arvestades seda, kui lihtne on neid odavaid materjale (nt vineer) kasutada-, võib see aidata suurendada nende avatud hoonete läbitungimist piirkondadesse või kogukondadesse, kus puuduvad teadmised{{3 }}tavaliste arhitektuuri- või ehitusfirmade kuidas või võimed. Seega võimaldab see põhimõtteliselt standardsemalt ehitada maju ja hooneid. Selle peamine idee on endiselt võtmetähtsusega -, mis võimaldab hõlpsat juurdepääsu-kasutajasõbralikele paigutustele, mida igaüks saab kasutada säästvamal ja taskukohasemal viisil ehitamiseks.
Modulaarsus on selles mõttes maja ehitamine erinevatest standardsetest osadest, nagu pusle lahendamine.
3D printimine can be used to build the house.
The main standard is OpenStructures and its derivative Autarkütektuur.31
Peamised turudmuuda
Püsivaid moodulehitisi saab kasutada mis tahes rakenduses, kus kasutatakse kleepuvat{0}}ehitust. Esmased turud on K-12 haridus, kõrgharidusega üliõpilaste eluruumid, kontori- ja halduspinnad, jaekaubandus ja hotellindus, tervishoid ning riiklikult rahastatavad asutused.
Teadus-ja arendustegevusmuuda
Moodulehitus on kogu maailmas pideva uurimis- ja arendustegevuse objektiks, kuna tehnoloogiat rakendatakse kõrgematele ja kõrgematele hoonetele. Teadus- ja arendustegevusega tegelevad moodulehitusettevõtted ja ka uurimisinstituudid nagu Moodulehitusinstituut32 and the Steel Construction Institute,.33